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Thought experiments iv



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Is Conceivability a Guide to Possibility?

Parte Ye Forthe

Modal Error

It would be at best premature of Yablo to claim that our modal intuitions are perfect. In fact he claims nothing of the sort. Even if our modal intuitions are generally sound we frequently fall into error. Yablo gives various possible explanations for this. The first explanation is that of a backing misapprehension.

7) I wrongly conceive p as possible.
8) That p is impossible is implied by q.
9) I believe that q is false, or it is false that qp, and so I conceive of p despite its impossibility.i


One alternative to this is to deny the denial and claim that I am simply unaware that q or qp.

A problem arises for differences in modal intuition, particularly those of brute disagreement with no obvious difference in the states of the subjects? information. Yablo offers three strategies:

10) There is no conflict of conceivability intuition. One or both of the subjects who are at odds is using a different concept of conceivability.
11) The conceivability intuitions are both true but the subjects are in fact about different propositions.
12) Admit there can be a difference in conceivability intuitions but show that one (or more) of the intuitions has a defeater, and is therefore open to doubt.


10) is the strategy used to avoid the counter examples discussed above. 11) is equivalent to claiming that there are instances in which two disputants do not in fact disagree at all but are talking about two entirely separate propositions. 12) is slightly more complicated. It suggests that one of the disputants may have a false modal belief that may be accounted for by a backing misapprehension as described above. It is difficult to see however why the notion of a backing misapprehension is necessary to explain modal error. The definition of conceivability:

CON) I can imagine a world that I take to verify p.

Already allows for error. That I can imagine a world that I take to verify p, does not entail that such a world does verify p, although it may do so with reasonable reliability. I do not think that such a situation requires any backing misapprehension. If there were a genuine case of a disagreement of modal intuition (that is a disagreement not explicable by 10) or 11)) 12) may not be adequate to explain it. One subject may hold a false intuition without any backing misapprehension. There may be a reason to doubt the notion of backing misapprehension. It may be argued that:



qp
p

q

Since if q were contingent, it in some possible world p was not necessary, if that were so in some possible world p is false. If p is false in any possible world it is not necessary. Therefore any backing misapprehension which is not the result of flawed reasoning is itself the result of a backing misapprehension, which in turn is a result of a still more fundamental backing misapprehension and so on, ad infinitum, or down to the most fundamental modal intuition. If this is so then it would be possible for two subjects to be in radical disagreement, each having contrary intuitions on every modal subject. If there were no empirical data that ether could draw onii Yablo?s explanations of disagreement would be inadequate. With this in mind it is possible to reintroduce the circularity objection. To claim that intuition is sufficient to resolve cases of modal disagreement is merely to express a preference for one view over another. If we wish to avoid modal sceptisism by resorting to the claim that intuition gives a fallible guide to modal facts then a better explanation of modal error is required.

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